evaluation
Implementing Open and Flexible Learning Environment: Dalton College and e-learning
Introduction
The implementation of a rich Open and Flexible Learning Environment (OFLE) strongly support the Dalton concept. Examples of an OFLE are Blackboard, Fronter, N@tschool and Profiler. Dekeos and Moodle are examples of Open Source OFLE's. An OFLE manage the process of education by pupils themselves.
An OFLE is a rich digital environment, where the pupil is able to study based on the basic assumptions of constructivism (Vrielink, 2003). The name rich is not incidentally chosen. It should encompass more than a traditional environment within which the teacher and/or the curriculum are the distinctive factor. The use of ICT should contribute to the design of teaching, to authentic teaching, integrative teaching, active-reflective teaching and to social or collaborative learning (Kral, 2005).
The Dalton principles
The three Dalton principles are freedom (responsibility), cooperation and assignment (self-reliance). These principles lead to the formulation of three questions:
- How can we increase the self-reliance of pupils through an OFLE?
- How can we stimulate cooperation among pupils through an OFLE?
- How can we increase the responsibility of the pupil for his own learning process through e-learning?
Ad 1. Teachers are obligated to put study planners on the OFLE. Pupils can study any were ant any place if there are ready for it.
Ad 2. The products should be delivered electronic in a drop box or on the discussion board. Peers and teachers can give feedback. The quality of the products will rise
Ad 3. Put the answers on assignments on line. The pupil is responsible for his digital portfolio. This portfolio will be assessed.
Implementation of an OFLE
When a school starts to implement an OFLE there should be a strategic action plan, which includes:
- A shared vision on the use of an OFLE
- Goals
- Participation of the management
- An exchange - celebrate successes!
- School arrangement on structure
- The OFLE must be on the agenda of the job evaluation
To make online courses more attractive for pupils the enjoyment could increase by:
- Improve the usefulness
- Same simple structure
- Attractive announcements
- Figures
- Animations
- Applets
Critical factors
A number of critical factors distinguish the use of Web based tools and OFLE's, like Blackboard.
The study of Selim (2003) revealed four major critical factors for the perceived usefulness of course web sites. The first of these factors is course work interactivity. Several Web-based tools improve course work interactivity. For example, asynchronously offered course material allows pupils to retain control as to when and where they wish to engage in the instructions. Electronic discussion forums are a qualitative improvement tool, which enhances communication and interaction among pupils. Deinum (2003) investigated the implementation of Blackboard on 35 schools in the north of the Netherlands. This research pointed out that the use of the discussion board in courses is low (4%).
Another critical course web site usefulness factor is, to enable pupils to complete their course work quickly by providing them with on-line components such as animations and multimedia modules. The third factor is to make studying course material easier by promoting its availability of: anytime and anywhere, by facilitating pupil-pupil and pupil-instructor communication lines, and by using interactive tools to explain the course contents. The last critical factor is to increase the pupil’s productivity and effectiveness.
Although a Blackboard supported lesson will enhance the quality of education, teachers do not tend to see the benefits of a Blackboard supported lesson.
Working with Blackboard more or less forces the teacher to look more critically at the structure of his or her lesson. Therefore the quality of the lesson will rise. The lessons get a clearer didactics (Helder, 2004). Another point is that it will become easier for pupils to start the lesson themselves. A certain degree of independency allows pupils to take responsibility for their own learning process and this will increase when Blackboard supports the lesson (Oudshoorn, 2004). This electronic form of communication combined with a proper use (good assignments and tasks) makes it possible to engage oneself in intensive exchange, more time-on-task, and effective discussions than is the case with many face-to-face groups in education (Deinum, 2003; Kanselaar, 2004). The quality of the pupil’s products will increase because pupils will become more motivated when the assignments are supplied in a digital form (Helder, 2004). For instance, Power Point promotes linear-hierarchical thinking (Laanpere, 2005).
The Seven Principles of good practice in undergraduate education
If a school introduces an OFLE without sufficiently formulating the different goals and without a teacher’s experience how to actually use the OFLE, there is a great change that the use will be under utilized (Vrielink, 2004) or sometimes abandoned because of the lack of user acceptance (Yi, et. al., 2003). The critical factors as mentioned above prove, that the assumptions, which have been used to analyse courses in Blackboard, were good. Investigated were the present and use of the following functionality's: the use of announcements, study planners, the possibilities of answers, tests, the discussion board, the use off group work and e-mail (communication) and the drop box . Analysing courses at a secondary school in the Netherlands in this way, Vrielink (2004) found that only 20% of the teachers use Blackboard; the barrier is considered (too) high and working with Blackboard implies extra time investment. The facilitation present is poor.
Therefore, it is important that managers and teachers are aware of the critical factors and conditions e-learning is based upon. The critical factors as mentioned before flow in the Seven Principles of good practice in undergraduate education (Chickering et. al., 1986). Understanding and awareness of these principles are essential for a successful implementation of a rich OFLE.
Those principles are:
1. Encourage contact between pupils and school: frequent pupil-school contact, both inside and outside class, is an important factor in pupil motivation and involvement. (Baars, et. al., 2003). The pupil’s intellectual capacities will increase. Current communication technologies such as e-mail, chat and discussion boards make it more accessible for pupils and teachers to ask questions and to give feedback. Shy pupils, for instance, will more easily start asking questions than when they are confronted with an actual face-to-face situation.
2. Develop reciprocity and cooperation among pupils: School should create and encourage opportunities for collaborative learning among pupils. Collaborative learning stimulates the involvement of learning. Exchanging ideas and giving and receiving feedback improves the thinking en engrosses the understanding (Weiland, 2002).
3. Encourage active learning: School should require that pupils apply their learning process in oral as well as in written form. Pupils should actively work with their knowledge and skills. Interaction is an important feature of an active on-line way of working. Interaction is essential in order to receive feedback on the learning process. Feedback is a relevant factor in the interaction between the pupil and the teacher as well as between peers. Next, it is important that an assignment is geared to the pupil’s perception of his or her environment. This can be made possible, for instance, when data is used coming from the pupils themselves. Pupils tend to become more motivated developing their own product. If this product is really actually used in a factory or at school than it works extra motivating (Andernach, 2005).
4. Give prompt/immediate feedback: School should provide appropriate and prompt feedback on performance. Pupils need assistance in assessing their actual competence and performance, and they need frequent opportunities to perform and receive suggestion for improvement. Such feedback should be an ongoing process in collegiate settings; it is essential to the pupil’s learning process. Periodically, pupils should also be given the opportunity to reflect critically on what they have learned so far. An OFLE offers the possibility to give pupils feedback in different ways. A digital portfolio makes it possible to assess on the learning process, to see if their is prove that the learning goals are reached.
5. Emphasize time on task: School should create opportunities for pupils in order to enable them to practice good time management. This includes setting a realistic deadline for pupils to complete assignments and to use class time for learning opportunities. A teacher’s support is made effective when clarity on the overall aim, time investment and choice of literature is provided. As a result, pupils are able to learn more efficiently. Furthermore, pupils tend to lose time by searching for resources on the Internet. However, on-line communication can be efficient if you organise it well.
6. Communicate high expectations: School should set and communicate high expectations of pupils. Such will turn into a self-fulfilling prophecy and pupils will often endeavour to meet the challenge. When a pupil has a clear awareness of his/her own expectations, he/she will work harder.
7. Respect different talents and ways of learning: School should create learning opportunities that appeal to the different ways pupils will process and attend to information. A variation of presentation styles and assignment requirements will allow pupils to highlight their own personal and unique talents and it offers them different ways about how to learn on an individual level. Pupils differ in talent and style of learning and they should be offered the possibility to show their talents in a way that suits them. This can be made possible by taking account on the different styles of learning by supplying a variation in ways of working (Winkel, et. al., 2004). We have to be aware of another dimension; does the OFLE consider different learning styles?
Learning styles
Pupils possess their own way of learning; our “traditional” education does not respond to the differences in the individual learning process of pupils. The study of Sandra Seagal and David Horn “Human Dynamics” (1997) supports this idea. In general, Human Dynamics divide people into three categories namely mentally centred, emotionally centred or physically centred. To avoid any misunderstanding: no discrimination whatsoever is implied by drawing this distinction! The mentally centred pupil proceeds in a linear way and does so mostly alone. He gathers information and he asks himself what the use of this information is, next he comes to a product. The emotionally centred pupil starts immediately. The process looks chaotic. He proceeds by trial and error. His product gradually improves but is never finished. He has an eye for detail. The physically centred pupil gathers a great amount of information, many details and after a (long) time he completes his product. That is the end; they do not chance it any more.
A rich OFLE has the intention to be in account of these different learning styles, to be in account of independent working of pupils and their own responsibility of their learning process. A rich OFLE fits with social constructivism. Nevertheless, if there is no master plan and without a pedagogical or didactical component introduction of Blackboard has no extra value to education; “Moore’s gap; Mind the gap.” (Siekkinen, 2000).
Significant effects of factors which influence the use of a OFLE
Recent research (Vrielink, 2005) pointed out that by the arrangement of courses in an OFLE there should paid attention to its Usefulness. Usefulness is the key factor. It predicts most powerful the use of an OFLE.
Picture: Significant effects of factors, which influence the use of an OFLE 
Usefulness is influenced in two ways. First, learning goal orientation influences usefulness through enjoyment. This is an intrinsic factor. If a pupil or a teacher is able to sufficiently clarify the goal, and render it obtainable, then there is enjoyment. It has a direct and positive effect on usefulness and on the ease of use. Second, a goal within one’s reach, affects application specific self-efficacy. This deals with competency. If a pupil thinks he/she is competent enough to work with Blackboard, there is an experience of ease of use, which effects usefulness. Again, enjoyment has a positive effect on application specific self-efficacy. The relation between learning goal orientation and application specific self-efficacy indicates that users who orientate themselves on learning and mastery of content are more likely to develop a higher sense of confidence in using the specific target system (Yi, et. al., 2003).
Understanding the factors that promote effective utilization of OFLE’s continues to remain an important issue for researchers and practitioners.
By the arrangement of courses in Dalton education, the recommendation is to pay attention to its usefulness. This can be done by putting the study planners on line as well as the answers on assignments. The use of the discussion board and the drop box should be promoted too.
Reinder Vrielink is headmaster VMBO Stedelijk Daltoncollege Zutphen, the Netherlands and manager/owner of Revédi Consultancy Deventer, the Netherlands. He is holder of the Diplome Masters in eLearning, Multimedia and Consultancy of the Sheffield Hallam University (UK).
Email: reinder.vrielink@freeler.nl
Web: http://www.revediconsultancy.nl
References
Andernach, Toine. (2005) Activerende online werkvormen. Digitale Didactiek: E-Journal voor het onderwijs, nummer 3, Januari 2005 Last accessed on 15 July 2005 at URL:http://www.digitaledidactiek.nl/dd/ejournals/846
Baars, Gerard. Jager, Karen. (2003). Hoe kun je pupilen motiveren om actief bij te dragen aan een online cursus? OECR, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam;. Last accessed on 15 July 2005 at URL: http://www.digitaledidactiek.nl/dd/didactiek_algemeen/357
Chickering, A. W., & Gamson, Z. F. (1987). Seven Principles of good practice in undergraduate education. AAHE Bulletin, 39 (7): 3-7.
Deinum, Jan Folkert. (2003). Brainbox rapportage 3; Statistieken en eindconclusie. Rijks Universiteit Groningen november 2003.
Helder, Anke.(2004) Brainbox vervangt het boek. Van 12 tot 18 februari 2004
Kanselaar, Gellof.(2004). Invoering Blackboard. Intervieuw. Onderwijs Expertise Centrum. Faculteit sociale wetenschap Universiteit Utrecht 31 juli 2004.
Kral, Marijke. (2005) Hoe leren leraren constructivistisch leren en onderwijzen met ict? HAN. Februari, 2005.
Laanpere, Mart. (2005) Pedagogical foundations of Web-based learning management systems: a comparative analysis. Seminar Thursday 27 January 2005 (Sheffield/Nijmegen).
Oudshoorn, Ton. (2004) Ict-in de praktijk. Van – 12 – 18. Nr 1. February 2004.
Seagal, Sandra & Horn, David (1997). Human Dynamics. A New Framework for Understanding People and Realizing the Potential in My Organizations. Pegasus Communications, inc. Cambridge.
Selim, Hassan M. (2003) An empirical investigation of pupil acceptance of course web sites. Computers in Education 40(2003)343-360.
Siekkinen, Pertti. (2000) Background and milestones for ICT policy development; Adopting ICT in Finnish education & “Moore’s Gap”; A presentation at Helsinki Education Department (Media Centre Kuutio) 10 March 2000.
Vrielink, R. (2003) How can Blackboard become a rich Open and Flexible Learning Environment (OFLE) in Dalton-education for pupils aged 12 to 16. A research of the use of Blackboard in secondary schools in the North of the Netherlands. MSc in e learning, multimedia and consultancy. Sheffield Hallam University/HAN. Module 1: OFLE.
Vrielink, R. (2005) Predicting the use of Blackboard with the Technology Acceptance Model. MSc in e learning, multimedia and consultancy. Sheffield Hallam University/HAN. Module 6: Dissertation.
Wieland, Annemiek.(2002). Hoe organiseer je online discussies met weinig pupilen?
OECR, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam;Last accessed on 12 March 2005 at URL: http://www.digitaledidactiek.nl/dd/opdrachten/31
Winkel te, Wilco. Jager, Karen.(2004) Hoe zorg je ervoor dat pupilen actief met de leerstof omgaan? Organisation: OECR, FSW EUR. Last accessed on 8 June 2005 at URL: http://www.digitaledidactiek.nl/dd/opdrachten/810
Yi, Mun Y., Yujong Hwang. (2003) Predicting the use of web-bases information systems: self-efficacy, enjoyment, learning goal orientation, and technology acceptance model. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. 59, 431-449.
¿Por qué fracasan los proyectos de e-learning?
Comencemos con un par de historias de fracasos. Desde al año 2000 hasta la fecha, una multinacional del sector de la auditoría ha invertido más de 500 millones de dólares en un proyecto de e-learning con el objetivo de dar formación a todos los empleados en todas partes del mundo. En el papel un proyecto así tiene mucho sentido; sin embargo, cuando se observa lo que realmente ocurre, no se puede menos que pensar que es un fracaso. En efecto, las estadísticas muestran que los empleados de la multinacional en general no hacen los cursos e-learning que se les proponen y, cuando los hacen, las opiniones van de "inútiles" a "detestables".
Otro ejemplo: una multinacional europea del sector de las telecomunicaciones pidió a una multinacional americana del sector Internet (y en general, de las TIC) que formara a sus ingenieros en el sistema operativo UNIX. Los americanos vendieron un sofisticado sistema de “live e-learning”. El curso consistía en un ingeniero (que sabía de Unix) que explicaba a sus “alumnos” qué es Unix y como trabajar con dicho sistema operativo. Las explicaciones se daban vía Internet y aparecían en tiempo real en una gran pantalla (que hacía las veces de "pizarra") situada en la sala donde estaban reunidos los “alumnos” (a miles de kilómetros de su profesor). En dicha pizarra aparecían transparencias Powerpoint, y en la esquina superior izquierda aparecía la imagen del profesor explicando las transparencias. Como además de "live", dicho e-learning era "interactivo", los alumnos podían hacer preguntas a su profesor. Pero nadie preguntó nada. Porque al cabo de media hora todo el mundo se aburrió y los alumnos abandonaron poco a poco el aula.
¿Cómo podemos analizar estos fracasos, cuáles pueden ser sus causas principales? A nuestro juicio, la primera de ellas es lo que Seymour Papert, del Media Lab (Massachussets Institute of Technology) llama el tecnocentrismo. Esto consiste en la falacia que refiere todas las cuestiones a la mejor o peor calidad de la tecnología disponible. Una visión tecnocéntrica del e-learning nos llevará a centrar los esfuerzos (en particular los esfuerzos financieros) en utilizar tecnologías sofisticadas, como videoconferencia por Internet o bien vía satélite, sistemas multimedia con mucha imagen y sonido, etc. O bien nos hará fijarnos sobre todo en las funcionalidades de la plataforma e-learning, en el tipo de ordenador que podemos comprar, etc. En materia de políticas públicas, ya a comienzos de los años 80 las conversaciones se centraban en las características de los micro-ordenadores. Se apuntaba esencialmente a crear el mejor ratio posible de alumnos/ordenador en las escuelas, institutos, y universidades. En años recientes ha ocurrido lo mismo con respecto a la conexión a Internet. Todo esto es sin duda necesario o deseable, pero el problema es que se piensa que es suficiente cuando dista mucho de serlo, como nos muestra sobre todo el segundo de los dos ejemplos citados.
Sin embargo, hay ya bastantes profesionales del e-learning que han tomado conciencia del impase al que lleva el tecnocentrismo. Se han centrado entonces en los contenidos. Pero esto tampoco ha sido la solución, como nos lo muestra el ejemplo de la multinacional de auditoría. La causa de ello es lo que llamamos el infocentrismo, que es una concepción (sumamente difundida) de la educación que postula que enseñar es esencialmente transmitir información (o conocimientos) a través de clases donde el profesor "explica" cosas a sus alumnos. Y en modo e-learning, los alumnos pueden acceder a dicha información a través de Internet. Los alumnos deben memorizar dicha información y para saber si la han memorizado adecuadamente hacemos unos tests de memorización de información que llamamos "exámenes". Cuando las cosas se hacen un poco mejor la formación incluye ejercicios de aplicación de los conocimientos memorizados.
En el caso de la formación en empresas, el infocentrismo postula implícitamente que si la información se ha transmitido correctamente (es decir, las explicaciones son claras), entonces la aplicación en el puesto de trabajo (o sea, la práctica) es obvia. Y el problema es que justamente la aplicación de los conocimientos adquiridos no es nada obvia. No lo es en el laboratorio o en los estudios de casos, y lo es aun menos en las empresas.
Las consecuencias del infocentrismo para la industria del e-learning son tan catastróficas como las crea el tecnocentrismo. En efecto, desde una lógica infocéntrica lo que se debe hacer es "empaquetar" información sobre un cierto tema para con ello hacer un "curso". Los cursos son entonces una sucesión de contenidos más o menos bien empaquetados, a los cuales se agregan una serie de ejercicios bastante triviales. El acento se pone en el recorrido del alumno a través de dichos contenidos, en el aspecto más o menos lúdico de ellos, y cada vez más en la ingeniería industrial de producción de dichos contenidos. No es de extrañar entonces que la industria de contenidos e-learning tienda estructuralmente a ofrecer productos estandarizados donde se compite por precios.
Pero lo más grave de todo es que cuando una persona hace uno de esos cursos en una empresa o en una universidad, se asume muchas veces que al final del curso esa persona sabrá "hacer" lo necesario en la materia en cuestión: negociar, gestionar proyectos, comunicar, analizar finanzas, diseñar software, psicoanalizar a una persona, etc. Craso error. El infocentrismo crea lo que llamamos la brecha entre “saber” y “hacer”, causa fundamental que muchos cursos e-learning sea evaluados como “inútiles”.
"I like to think that we can all become experts, so we all have a role to play in learning"
Question 1
You insist on the fact that there is no difference between e-learning and learning. On the other hand, you want e-learning to have a real impact on learning. I do believe that we need a radical pedagogical transformation based on an externalisation of learning, i.e. the dissemination of the learning process in a continuous way throughout society. In a way, this would take us to a learning society instead of a knowledge society. After all these years of ICT-based strategy, do you think Europe is ready for a learning society?
Pierre-Antoine Ullmo
Wow, what an interesting first question! Firstly, I believe that technology is merely a tool for learning. Perhaps we should not be blinded by the techno-wizards any longer. Technology is not a solution to learning. The effective use of it may be.
I am an enthusiast about the future potential of e-learning, as it could provide real learning solutions. But, I think we need to `put our money where our mouth is’, that is to say we must support implementation rather than new technical developments. I think this point needs to be realised at European (and national) level, especially through funding streams. eEurope seems to be mainly about access, but this will not transform our society to a learning society. We have to properly finance research to understand the impact of e-technology on learning.
In budget terms, education has suffered and continues to suffer at the expense of other Commission priorities. This does not look like it will change under the current proposed budgets. So I suppose my plea is to make sure we place education and learning at the forefront, rather than technology. Once we have done this, we will have a chance to transform our European learning society. So, to respond to the question, perhaps we are ready, but I do not think that those who make decisions understand what this implies.
Question 2
I think the reality is that, in many institutions, the Bologna process is still at the stage of accreditation/reaccreditation of courses according to new guidelines imposed at European level. Currently the focus is on administration, matriculation, and top-level course content, less on teaching and learning processes, and unfortunately even less on the impending outcome.
That said, your point is, of course, valid in that Bologna offers a wonderful opportunity for reflection, renewal and change, in terms of being learner-centred. And e-learning is one of a number of media that can usefully support it. But being learner-centred demands skills that need to be developed – by learners, not just by course designers, administrators and teachers. We as educators still pay far too little attention to the vast array of skills and competencies required of current and future learners: amongst others, media and technological skills, project management, time-management and self-organisational skills, communication skills in a part-virtual learning organisation and environment. Furthermore, which skills, learning expectations and thought processes does the mobile phone, web 2.0 learning generation bring with it? How do, and should, these skills influence our current teaching and learner-centred approach and that of the future? Signposts are important but, before setting them, have we as educationalists done our homework on surveying the landscape and mapping out the routes?
Timophil
You’re speaking my language. I suppose we need to be asking the right questions, not closing doors, but opening them. I don’t think we should be worried about learner skills for being learner-centred; this is part of discovering yourself in the learning environment. What concerns me is that we are wasting a lot of time and effort (and money) on administrative processes, on hoops to jump through, setting up ever more complex and bureaucratic systems. This is happening, so much so that we are losing sight of the real reason for Bologna, namely to improve the quality of the learning experience of the student. I work in an organisation where we believe the student experience is central, but even with this belief we spent many years submerged in the microscopic detail of the process, without ever really thinking about the whole picture. So, under Bologna, many courses are being redesigned, or perhaps I should say re-packaged, when Bologna should provide us with an excuse to be really creative and consider what we are trying to achieve and how we do it.
Perhaps that is because we have never had the breathing space to have a real vision and feel for the ‘process’ of Bologna. So, for example, really exciting opportunities to examine and lay down a unique ‘European dimension’ are not being followed up. Most of the academics I have met recently are struggling to see further than the paperwork that they have before them. Europeanisation was a feature under Bologna that seems to have disappeared from the agenda.
The TUNING survey was an attempt to map out the routes, but it has only been fully undertaken for some subjects and then with incomplete agreement as to the outcomes by those involved. The follow-up done has been limited also to those areas in the first phase. This is frustrating for the other disciplines. Why is this so? Does TUNING provide us with answers or more problems? Thematic networks are also a wonderful opportunity to encourage dialogue and debate, but policy prevents real longitudinal research into the impacts and outcomes of Bologna. So it is a shame that we really don’t know what the ‘Bologna-effect’ really is and have no real process or opportunity to investigate it.
What is the answer? The reality is that we have not seen the landscape, let alone even prepared the signposts. I think we should establish a really creative European ‘think-tank’ of pedagogical visionaries to provide us with leadership and guidance. They would be charged to give us the big picture. At the other end of the scale, we also need much more national (and institutional) support for reform, in order to be able to courageously transform the higher education system at grass roots level. In the UK, I am proud to be involved in the first steps towards this. Through the National Teaching Fellowship scheme and the establishment of Centres of Excellence, many outstanding colleagues have been raised on a pedestal and encouraged to explore and disseminate our ‘visions of the future’. With few strings attached. So, I’d like to see a European version of this developed, where individuals might be given the opportunity to make a difference and have some influence.
Question 3
Dear Mr Donert, do you think that the learning process always has to be supervised by the figure of a teacher or do you think that, with the actual learning tools, a student can learn by him or herself? Can we get rid of the figure of the teacher? Will we substitute him or her with user-centred learning tools? Will the teachers be key figures in designing these learner-centred learning tools?
Maria
Hi Maria, maybe we shouldn’t call ourselves teachers. We are really all learners. I can honestly say that I learn so much from my own students, I tell them this but they don’t all necessarily believe me! If we keep ‘teachers as the key figurehead’, then I think we are also restricting learning opportunities. I like to think that we can all become experts, so we all have a role to play in learning. My students are far more expert than I will ever be at communicating online and a host of other things. They also discover during the course of their learning far more than I could ever teach them. So, if we encourage learners to express themselves, then we can all learn from this.
Now we come to the issue of ‘teachers as assessors’. If we are the only ones that make judgements on the value of the learning outcomes, then we remain at the centre of the learning process. Maybe we inhibit achievement through this. The concept of ‘unintentional learning’ and its assessment came up in a recent forum debate I was involved in. If it was not intentional, do we discount it, as it isn’t one of the proposed learning outcomes? A ‘Catch-22’ dilemma for Bologna, if the core of Bologna is learning outcomes! I can just imagine the problems this might cause if the bureaucrats were to get hold of it. Does anyone have any ideas as to how to deal with this? Do we need to think of the ‘level’ or quality of achievement, as opposed to what is achieved?
Question 4
What do you think about the future of mobile learning? Can this be a ‘real’ choice compared to classical ‘e-learning’ tools (such as a computer and multimedia-rich training programme either with or without internet support)? What is the applicability of m-learning tools (whilst taking care of the increase in smartphone capabilities)?
Akinozcift
Hmmmmm …. mobile learning – this is where the kids could be today. But we are not really ready for it institutionally. I haven’t really had much experience with this apart from a few ‘learning bytes’ through pod-casting. What I do feel, however, is that the challenge is to engage the learner at the right time and in the right place for him or her to learn. As we are all different, we need to establish the availability of flexible and usable learning opportunities. So we don’t want to create a recipe book approach, more opening some doors and encouraging learners to step through them and into their preferred learning environment; instead, we have to encourage them to step outside their ‘comfort zone’. So the key might be simple, yet flexible learning tools and resources that encourage thinking – rather than simply activity. Note – I do believe in active learning.
Question 5
Comment: Nothing special anymore about ‘e’! In my view, what is now important is the creation of the environment for continuous innovation - integrating digital devices and digital media into the curriculum - and expecting that so-called 'disruptive technologies' are becoming the norm. [For example - we are working with teachers and very young school pupils with digital video, editing, pod casting, use of Skype, etc. The possibilities are endless. It does not matter much who 'creates' the content; it could be the teacher or the pupil! But the teacher plays the vital role of mediating the curriculum. Higher education is light years behind in terms of innovative pedagogical practice! Have a look at www.fis.ie
Jim Devine
Hi Jim, I couldn’t agree more. Yet I think ‘e’ should stand for environment. The person mediating (I won’t call this person a teacher as it isn’t teaching) has the responsibility of letting the learners loose and keeping them moving forward. A bit like shepherds I suppose! But do we need to actually know where we are going? Hmm…
I also agree that higher education urgently needs to look at other education sectors and the learning experiences there and especially the exciting things happening with learning being undertaken by very young children. I suppose we really need to support cross-phase actions that allow this type of sharing to take place. I think there is much innovative in higher education – but it is drowned with the search for research assessment and funding.
Question 6
- Do you agree that broadband high speed Internet is actually what we need in order to attract students and have a real breakthrough in the educational process?
- To what extent do you think that universities in the EU are prepared for a day-to-day distant learning service and online tutoring? Isn't it really a problem that educators urgently need e-education?
Emarinos
- No, I think broadband just enables access to learning materials. It could also provide a technologically blinding haze that hides the sort of transformative learning change that learners need to experience. So we must reject the opinion that technology provides a solution. It doesn’t. It certainly doesn’t affect the education process unless we think how to use it effectively.
- EU (and other) universities are looking for solutions. They find it hard to deal with the individual, they don’t understand that learners cannot be produced through a conveyor belt system and maintain quality and excellence. I am not sure that distant learning services can do this either. Therefore, unless the tutors are encouraged to understand the learners, the services are not likely to suit their real needs. We spend too little time thinking/reflecting on the impact of the learning space created on learners.
Educators need e-education … an education in the real E-xperience of the learner.
Question 7
- Is e-learning effective for mass education using current technology, whether in developed or developing countries?
- How does one compromise with the fact that, in spite of all the high tech tools available, almost all of the schools in the world are still using paper/printed homework or textbooks for their daily work?
- Equipping each school in a country with 50 computers or so is quite an achievement for many. But how can 2,000 students use 50 computers for 7 to 10 subjects? This would give each student no more than 9 minutes a day.
I am from Malaysia, and I have been pondering about this for years, and yet nothing seems to improve. Tons and tons of paper are still used every day. If you want to see my solution, check it out at www.visualgram.com. Perhaps my ideas will provide food for thought on how to overcome such inhibitions.
Alan Foo
- I suppose we should discuss whether mass education is a desirable goal here. If we are seeking to increase the proportion of students who enter and complete higher education, or to extend the education potential to achieve learning for life, then current technology (and I include media – news, TV, etc. in this) is a very rich and powerful resource. In our open learning environment, we are bombarded with lots of information. Mass education thus needs to be about how to help the learners make the right choices and decisions in their learning and in their lives, based on the stimuli that are available to them (stimuli = learning objects, activities etc.). So the technology doesn’t matter at all. It is what we do with the information we have and the learning we experience. Technological solutions should not be a holy grail! Learning solutions should be. But they are less sexy and so attract much less money!
- No matter how ‘high’ and how ‘tech’ we get, teachers still think traditionally and they think they are at the centre of learning. The fountain of knowledge! That is the real issue, not the technology. I repeat here that I think there is little vision of ‘the experience of learning’. We mainly concentrate on the experience of teaching. Have you also thought that books and paper might be a ‘lowest-common denominator’, providing a mass education that does not challenge learners? Do we want to create thinking and questioning citizens? So if we wanted to change the goal, we could change the system.
- I agree with this; in fact, I said precisely this several years ago at a major national geography conference! I still don’t believe we should be using computers in school unless it is for highly specialist and relevant things and for suitably lengthy periods of time. The most valuable computer-based learning needs time for the learner to discover, think, reflect, respond and participate in the learning. Having school classes that end after 40-60 minutes when the learners have just warmed up means that we are just wasting the potential of our technology in schools. I’d really like to see us concentrate on using ICT in learning beyond schools and to re-structure the school day to enable creative and constructive learning.
I have often wondered why young (and less young) sit and concentrate deeply on cartoons or computer games for hours with seeming to get tired or bored, yet they switch off within minutes in a classroom. So what types of environment are we all captivated by? We enjoy stimulus, interaction and excitement to engage us, so why can’t we develop such strategies to create deeper and more meaningful learner-centred experiences?
“Sharing is a great way of learning” - eTwinning winners talk about their experiences
Talking Through Time Cauldeen Primary School, UK and Dun Salv Portelli Primary School, Malta (School collaboration, 5 to 12 year-old pupils).
"eTwinning uniquely gave information and resources unavailable in any other form and allowed children to experience first-hand the voices of those who participated in this period of history."
Learning and Sharing Oriveden Keskuskoulu, Finland and Iglemyr Skole, Norway (Pedagogical innovation, 5 to 12 year-old pupils).
"The students have been really excited about eTwinning. They love to spend English lessons in the ICT lab. In a way, they don’t consider it studying at all."
Playing and Learning Escuela Infantil Gloria Fuertes, Spain and Przedszkole Publiczne nr 5, Glogów, Poland (Digital resources, 5 to 12 year-old pupils). Available in English and Polish.
"Our project can be a good example of cooperation and involvement of all the people at the nursery."
"Jest wyjątkowy, ponieważ daje możliwość bezpośredniej współpracy pomiędzy przedszkolami/szkołami."
Internetzeitung und u.a. Austausch von Texten zur Unterstützung beim Erlernen der deutschen Sprache Bischöfliche Maria-Montessori-Gesamtschule, Germany and Súkromné gymnázium Prešov, Slovakia (School collaboration, 13 to 19 year-old pupils).
"Kontakte knüpfen, Menschen aus anderen Ländern kennen lernen, neue Freunde finden waren nicht nur die Ziele der beteiligten Lehrer, sondern ebenso die Wünsche unserer Schüler, die wir auf diesem Weg letztlich erfüllen konnten."
Europe, Education, Ecole - Club de Philosophie Lycée de Sèvres, France, Liceo Classico L.A.Muratori, Italy, École Dzukija, Alytus, Lithuania, Lycée no. VII, Peristeri, Greece, Gymnázium J.G. Tajovského, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia, Gymnasium Matyase Lerche, Brno, Czech Republic (Pedagogical innovation, 13 to 19 year-old pupils). Raffaella Lodi's (Liceo Classico L.A.Muratori, Italy) interview available in English and Czeslaw Michalewski's (Lycée of Sevres, France) interview available in French and English.
"eTwinning is a work method that gives visibility to work experiences already in progress."
"Vouloir travailler en réseau, c’est donner l’occasion à tous les talents et à toutes les compétences de se manifester."
"Crop Circles" challenge Sint-Donatus Instituut, Belgium, ITCS "Cesare Vivante", Italy and Intercultural Gymnasium of Thessaloniki, Greece (Digital resources, 13 to 19 year-old pupils).
"The most enjoyable aspect for us was to see the students’ enthusiasm as they challenged themselves and each other to make new crop circles."
Wir sind jetzt 20 000. Führen Sie uns Ihre Projekte vor!
Die Gründe:
- Wir bieten Zugriff auf über 1 500 Anwendungsbeispiele und Projekte sowie über 800 Artikel, Studien, Interviews und offizielle Dokumente. Unsere Seiten werden mehr als 35 000 Mal pro Monat aufgerufen und wir haben über 20 000 registrierte Nutzer.
- Wir veröffentlichen Informationen über die wichtigsten europäischen Projekte und zu unseren Mitarbeitern zählen über 250 anerkannte Experten in unseren vier Publikationsbereichen: Schulen, Hochschulbildung, Lernen & Arbeit und Lernen und Gesellschaft.
- Die Gruppenarbeitswerkzeuge des Portals (es gibt über 250 Mitmachbereiche) machen uns zum effektivsten Kommunikations- und Hilfsmittel für die e Learning-Gemeinschaft.
Registrierte Nutzer des Portals können von unseren laufenden Wettbewerben und Aktivitäten profitieren:
- Senden Sie uns Ihren Beitrag (Projekt, Artikel, Good Practice oder Ressource), damit wir ihn der Gemeinschaft zugänglich machen können.
- Senden Sie Ihre Lieblingsressource ein und gewinnen Sie einen Laptop. Nehmen Sie am Wettbewerb "Meine e Learning-Ressource" teil. Wenn Sie einen Beitrag einsenden, nehmen Sie automatisch an der Verlosung eines Laptops teil. Klicken sie hier, um mehr über den Wettbewerb zu erfahren und beteiligen Sie sich auch an unserer Nutzerbefragung, damit wir Ihre Meinung über das Portal kennenlernen.
- Der Online-Sprachaustauschdienst Lingup macht Ihnen ein Werbeangebot. Sie können den Dienst einen Monat lang (Februar 2006) kostenlos nutzen, wenn Sie bei der Anmeldung den Code LINGEURO benutzen.
- GlobalEnglish hat ein von Dr. David Nunan verfasstes White Paper zur Methode des kommunikativen Fremdsprachenunterrichts (Communicative Language Teaching/CLT) veröffentlicht. Sie können eine Gratisexemplar dieses Dokuments im PDF-Format bestellen.
Sie Sind noch nicht angemeldet? Schließen Sie sich der europäischen e Learning-Gemeinschaft an!
The winners of the eTwinning prizes
All nominated partnerships presented their projects during workshops and in the exhibition hall visited by more than 400 participants. The eTwinning prizes go to the following winners:
Age group 5-12 year-olds
- School collaboration Cauldeen Primary School, UK and Dun Salv Portelli Primary School, Malta: Talking Through Time.
The project developed and exchanged curricular materials to enable pupils to research, exchange and collect memories on World War II together. Pupils gained another perspective through school collaboration.
- Pedagogical innovation Oriveden Keskuskoulu, Finland and Iglemyr Skole, Norway: Learning and Sharing.
The project developed the pupils' ICT and English communication skills and introduced a virtual learning environment to pupils. New topics were discussed every month in forums and chats.
- Digital resources Escuela Infantil Gloria Fuertes, Spain and Przedszkole Publiczne nr 5, Glogów, Poland: Playing and Learning.
The project is geared for pre-school where teachers and pupils use ICT to communicate and exchange information on cultures, teacher training and software. Teachers implement common methodologies and material to teach English at pre-school level.
Age group 13-19 year-olds
- School collaboration Bischöfliche Maria-Montessori-Gesamtschule, Germany and Súkromné gymnázium Prešov, Slovakia: Internetzeitung und u.a. Austausch von Texten zur Unterstützung beim Erlernen der deutschen Sprache
The project aims were to create a common Internet newspaper and to exchange texts to support learning the German language. Students exchanged articles on a general topic, without difficult words and need for prior knowledge.
- Pedagogical innovation Lycée de Sèvres, France and Liceo Classico "Ludovico Antonio Muratori", Italy: Europe, Education, Ecole - Club de Philosophie
The project developed a network of long distance exchanges (ICT) between students and teachers on the role of culture, education and schools in a Europe of tomorrow. The project included a video conference, weekly on-line work spaces and a digitalised resource area.
- Digital resources Sint-Donatus Instituut, Belgium, ITCS "Cesare Vivante", Italy and Intercultural Gymnasium of Thessaloniki, Greece: "Crop Circles" challenge
The partners in the project used the same free math software to develop and create materials for teaching math and other science subjects. The materials give students a more active role in learning, and teachers used the school network to share experiences and discuss didactic aspects.
Prizes for the winners
The first prize is a four-day camp on ICT and school twinning on the island of Lanzarote for 20 people from each winning partnership. The stay is planned from 27 to 30 April 2006.
The runners-up are invited to participate in one of the European networking and development workshops that take place throughout the school year in different European countries.
How can I support a web of betweenness through information and communications technology (ICT)
In my practice-based research, I demonstrate how I am contributing to a knowledge base of practice by creating my ‘living educational theory’ (Whitehead, 1989, 2004). This involves me in systematically researching my practice in order to bring about improvement. The context of my research is in collaboration with participants on the MSc in Computer Applications for Education and MSc in ICT in Education and Training Management at Dublin City University. Coulter and Wiens (2002, p.23) point out that it is crucial that teachers and researchers become better educational judges of practice. I explain how the educational values that emerge in the course of my practice based research become living standards of judgement. These standards and values include a ‘web of betweenness’ (O’Donohue 2003) and a ‘pedagogy of the unique’. ‘Pedagogy of the unique’ is characterized in the recognition that each individual has a particular and different constellation of values that motivate the enquiry and a different context from within which the enquiry is developing. The ‘web of betweenness’ refers to my belief that we learn in relation to each other and how ICT can bring us closer to the meanings of our embodied values.
Objectives of the session
The objectives of my presentation are as follows:
- To communicate the meanings of my embodied values of a web of betweenness and pedagogy of the unique.
- To demonstrate how Information and Communications Technology (ICT ) can make our teaching public through ‘artefacts that capture its richness and complexity’ (Shulman, 2004, p.142).
- To provide evidence of how I am supporting practitioner-researchers to develop their own living standards of judgement from their practice-based research.
Educational and scientific importance
In their review of the literature on pedagogies in higher education, Zukas and Malcolm (2002, p.1) suggest that the new specialism of teaching and learning in higher education has developed without reference to adult education. Neglecting the strongly self-motivated learner has tended to impoverish many current approaches to teaching and learning in higher education. They found little evidence of critical practice in writings on higher education pedagogy. As diverse and more mature types of students enter higher education, it is vital that the traditional role of the educator as one who offers content knowledge is broadened so that teaching is aimed at developing students’ capacity to create their own understandings and insights through participation, negotiation and dialogue. Barnett’s understanding of a ‘higher education’ is one where students are provided with the space to develop their own voice (Barnett, 2000, p.160).
As the full potentiality of human computer interaction is developed there is likely to be a further explosion of the use of multimedia and the ability for people to communicate in more dynamic ways through use of technology. Myers (1996, p.3) points to the emerging technologies that are a result of research in human-computer interaction. These extend from the mouse pointing device, windows, computer applications such as drawing, text editing and spreadsheets and hypertext, and to the new technologies of the future, such as multimedia and 3D, gesture recognition, natural language and collaborative learning technologies. Myers believes that user interfaces will most likely be one of the main 'value-added competitive advantages' of the future, as both hardware and basic software become commodities. We are still witnessing the pursuit of a developmental paradigm whose eventual outcomes can only be guessed at.
By contrast with the evident potentiality and dynamism of the new technology, studies of its impact upon teaching practices in higher education indicate that, as yet, teachers in general are making use of email and web resources but more advanced technologies, such as online learning environments and wireless solutions are only being used to a limited extent. Few in higher education are dealing in a practical manner with the new technology’s central ideas about the handling of knowledge.
An international comparative study on Models of Technology and Change in Higher Education was carried out by the Centre for Higher Education Policy Studies and the Faculty of Educational Science and Technology of the University of Twente in the Netherlands (Collis & van der Wende, 2002). The study found that Institution wide technological structures are now in place. However, rich pedagogical use of the technological infrastructure is still in development. Van Merriënboer et al. (2004, p. 13) point out that the central concept in handling of e-learning currently tends to center upon ‘content’. They regret that forms of e-learning that emphasise the active engagement of learners in rich learning tasks and the active, social construction of knowledge and acquisition of skills are rare. In other words, the potential of the technology to transform the teaching/learning environment is still far from being realised in the institutions of higher education.
It is worthwhile, at this stage, outlining the contribution ICT has offered to the development of my educational knowledge, and in particular, to the development of new standards of educational judgement in educational practice. ICT has been used to complement and support my pedagogy as it unfolds. Some examples in the context of this presentation include: digital video to record my teaching and supervision, online learning environments that have sustained ongoing dialogue among practitioners and myself, desktop videoconferencing that has opened up the classroom environment and provided opportunities to share our knowledge with others. Multimedia and web based artefacts with supporting text provide evidence of how practitioners are developing living standards of judgement through asking, researching and answering the question, ‘How do I improve my practice?’
Methods
In creating my ‘pedagogy of the unique’ through a living educational theory approach to research, I provide evidence to show my educational influence in my learning, in the learning of others, and in the education of social formations. The methods I use to validate my claims include:
- Living eeducational theory action research cycles;
- Winter’s (1989) six criteria of rigour;
- Social validation meetings.
Living Educational theory accounts of learning methodology involve expressing concerns when educational values are not lived in practice, imagining a way forward, gathering data, evaluating practice on effectiveness of actions, modifying plans in light of the evaluation.
Winter’s (1989) Six Criteria of Rigour include dialectics, reflexivity, collaborative resource, risk, plurality, theory, practice and transformation.
Habermas’s (1987) Criteria of Validity include four criteria of social validity, i.e. comprehensibility, truth, rightness and authenticity.
In assessing the quality of my practice based research I focus on my embodied values and living standards of judgement.
Data Sources
The following data sources will be used to provide evidence of the standards of judgements used to show learning in the public interest.
- Accounts of my learning as a higher education educator.
- Accounts of the learning of Practitioner-Researcher accounts on the MSc in Computer Applications for Education and MSc in Education and Training Management (ICT) at Dublin City University.
Conclusion
In the context of my ‘pedagogy of the unique’ the dialogic processes reflect my growing openness to learning and relearning with others, and reveal that I believe that education should be a democratic process that gives adequate “space to each participant to contribute to the development of new knowledge, to develop their own voice, to make their own offerings, insights, to engage in their own actions, as well as to create their own products” (Barnett, 2000, p. 161). I believe that I have directed my teaching towards learning by gradually providing opportunities for participants to take responsibility for their own learning and develop their capacity as learners.
My practice based research enquiry has indeed been a collaborative endeavour that could not have taken place were it not for the participation of students in the creation of knowledge in collaboration with me. I have articulated the educational values that have emerged in my practice and I believe that I have endeavoured faithfully to live these values in my practice. My values can now be seen to be communicable standards of judgement. I hope that my enquiry will contribute to new understandings of the link between teaching and research and how teachers can contribute to a knowledge base of practice through use of ICT.
References
- Barnett, R. (2000). Realizing the University in an age of supercomplexity. The Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press.
- Boyer, E. (1990). Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Collis, B. & van der Wende, W. (2002). Models of Technology and Change in Higher Education. An international comparative survey on the current and future use of ICT in Higher Education. [Accessed from www.utwente.nl/cheps/documenten/ictrapport.pdf on May, 2005].
- Coulter, D. and Wiens, J. (2002), Educational Judgement: Linking the Actor and the Spectator. Educational Researcher, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 15-25.
- Furlong, J. & Oancea, A. (2005). Assessing Quality in Applied and Practice-based Educational Research. A Framework for Discussion [Accessed from http://www.bera.ac.uk/pdfs/Qualitycriteria.pdf on July 4th, 2005)
- Myers, B. A. (1998). A Brief History of Human Computer Interaction Technology. ACM Interactions. Vol. 5, No. 2, (pp. 44-54).
- O’Donohue, J. (2003) Divine Beauty. London, Transworld Publishers.
- RAE (2008). Research Assessment Exercise.Initial decisions by the UK Funding Bodies. Retrieved 1 June, 2005, from http://www.rae.ac.uk/pubs/2004/01/rae0401.doc.
- Shulman, L. (2004). Teaching as Community Property: Essays on Higher Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Whitehead, J. (1989) ‘Creating a living educational theory from questions of the kind, “How do I improve my practice?”’, Cambridge Journal of Education 19(1): 137–153.
- Whitehead, J. (2004) What Counts as Evidence in the Self-studies of Teacher Education Practices? - final draft before publication in Loughran, J. J., Hamilton, M. L., LaBoskey V. K & Russell, T. (eds) (2004) International Handbook of Self-Study of Teaching and Teacher Education Practices. Dordrecht; Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- van Merriënboer, J., Bastiaens, T., & Hoogveld, A. (2004). Interstructional design for Integrated e-learning in Jochems, W., Van Merrienboer, J & Koper, R. Van Merrienboer, (2003). Integrated E-Learning: Implications for Pedagogy, Technology and Organization,. Routledge.
- Winter, R. (1989) Learning from Experience. London, Falmer Press.
- Zukas, M. & Malcolm, J. (2002). Pedagogies for Lifelong Learning: Building Bridges or Building Walls? Chapter 13 in Harrison, R., Reeve, F., Hanson, A. and Clark, J. (2002) Supporting Lifelong Learning. Volume 1: Perspectives on Learning. Routledge. Pp 203-217.
e-Learning in Finland
In the e-learning business in Finland, there are around 160-170 companies that provide elearning solutions. The total turnover was around 140 million euros and it employed nearly 2000 people in 2003. This does not however reflect the digital learning solution markets as a whole, since the figures of the companies providing only partly elearning solutions, universities and other public institutions are not included. The companies are mainly small.
A part of the companies export and take part in international development projects.
The e-learning markets are mainly between companies and institutions. The business of institutions is developed with the help of digital medias. Big consumer markets are still to come, since they require for example proper distribution chains and changes in the buying behaviour of education.
Typical services in e-learning business sector are personnel, product, customer, partner, distributor and change management training. The benefits of these services are pace, savings in costs and time, the unique context and quality and possibility to multicentralized exchange of expertise and interactive discussion.
According to the latest barometer of Federation of The Finnish Information Industries (8/05) there is an upswing in ICT business and nearly half of the companies expect business to grow in the future. According to this study the employment has continued well and new employees have been hired.
The expectations for the autumn are positive and personnel will be recruited even more.
E-learning in Finnish schools
More and more education which include e-learning is given in Finland.
Upper secondary school can be passed entirely by studying in the internet and in many comprehensive schools e-learning ensures the possibility to study also rare subjects. Different kinds of networks between schools enable producing the contents.
The purpose of the basic education is that the teacher utilises information and communications technologies in his work and is able to guide students to reach the basic level in information and communications technology. This means practical skills in work, skills in data systems, co-operation and interactive skills and understanding data security and ethical issues.
The projects of the Post-comprehensive school education and adult education have created dozens of good development networks. Virtual schools have been networked both regionally and nationally. In the project networks there have been developed solutions for e-learning, searched answers to problems caused by new studying methods and produced services. The technical solutions and infrastructure of the e-learning are in quite good condition except that the number of computers in upper secondary level schools needs to be increased. The context produced in the networks could be utilised more efficiently. The self provided teaching is found cheaper than one bought from the network.
The present context of teachers´ education is more teaching of the pedagogic models and developing teaching methods, not that much teaching of the software anymore.
There is also a lot of self studying material available for education. Education is given to wider group of people, which means all who will need e-learning in their work. In Finland many schools offer studies which lead to graduation including e-learning. Häme Polytechnic launched this autumn as a first institution offers fully virtual education for teachers.
Experts of e-learning are being trained in almost all units offering supportive education such as eOppimaisteri by the University of Joensuu, e-skills by Häme Polytechnic and Ota-e by the Helsinki University of Technology.
Active research of eLearning
There are 52 higher education institutions including 21 universities and 31 polytechnics in Finland. In all of them there are e-learning related development projects. Universities and polytechnics have both built a virtual consortium, which offer virtual studies for the students, but also a lot of information about developing virtual teaching, work of quality and research. Many fields of business are offering possibilities to study and graduate fully or at least partially virtually.
The research focuses on e-learning including media reading, multicultural phenomena, competences of teachers, usability of learning objects, usage of simulations in teaching, controlling practises of smart mobile device, usability of teaching technologies, using common educational material and management of e-learning. The studies result in thesis, articles, conference performances and also international conferences.
The studies have generated many in national and international contacts and there are several international co-operative projects going on.
For example in the University of Helsinki, which is the largest university in Finland, educational environments were used only about 200 students and teachers in 2000. In October 2005 there were around 17000 users. At the same time the supply of educational contexts have grown from less than 200 to 1200.
There is still lack of good contents all the time. Therefore, University of Helsinki is taking part for example in EU eContent programme in EURES project, which aims at creating European multi lingual teaching portal, which is a unique way of producing and delivering materials.
This could be the future
E-learning has become a part of everyday life whereas the meaning of technology has moved backwards. E-learning is one developed procedures in supporting learning and it is available for everyone. The equipment are easily available, they can and will be used creatively and when needed.
Technical environments and equipment belong automatically to the different processes. The electronic web will connect actors, functions and fields of business tightly and in real time.
Tailor-made teaching has increased and modular type learning objects based on individuality or learning trays are everyday life. Increased supply of educational material and connectibility prevent also withdrawal.
E-learning offers a totally new learning culture. It requires breaking down the previous role models, giving up from being tied in place and time and absorbing new models of interactivity. The change should be based on competence of an individual and flexible practises should be offered for the development of individuals.
The key for professional growth is not individual skills but collective skills that offer flexible procedures for individual development. Common data building is power. Organisations focus on right targeting of resources, which includes directing, control of time and priorising issues.
Motivating, good arguments and encouragement and support will ease up the change.
The basis for good reaction for change in organisation is open flow of information and transparency of actions.
The business in the e-learning field will be segmented and focused. E-learning products and services will be integrated more tightly in developing competence in companies in general. Cost efficient and risk free solutions will be underlined in solutions for customers. The market will grow at least the following five years. The business will become global. Alongside the globalisation, companies will operate on genuinely global markets in the far networked global economy. In the pressure of efficiency, the companies are highly specialized and most of their actions are outsourced, but on the other hand, new products and services enabled by technology and networked economy and new concepts of business will give companies chance to find their way to the new markets.
The Association of Finnish eLearning Centre
The Association of Finnish eLearning Centre (NGO) promotes the use of eLearning and digital education solutions in Finnish companies and organisations. The purpose is to develop and increase the skills and knowledge of eLearning in education, teaching and business operations.
The Association is a national meeting point, providing networking links. It helps to create contacts to both, companies, organisations and individuals. The Association co-operates with the best experts and provides up-to-date information about research, development, trends and experiences of eLearning.
The Association works together with several companies, polytechnics, universities and training institutions. It is also a networking organisation for the numerous Finnish eLearning projects and regional clusters.
We provide contact information for international organisations and experts interested in co-operating with Finnish eLearning experts, organisations and projects.
Contact information:
The Association of Finnish eLearning Centre
Visamäentie 33
FI-13100 Hämeenlinna
Tel +358 3 651 5255
Fax: +358 3 621 5200
info@eoppimiskeskus.net
http://www.eoppimiskeskus.net/
References
- Tietoalojen liitto: Suhdannekyselyn tulokset / Elokuu 2005
- Lith P. Digitaalisen median toimialaselvitys 2005, Digitaalisen median, sisältötuotannon ja oppimispalvelujen osaamiskeskuksen julkaisusarja
El papel de las nuevas tecnologías en el aprendizaje
El marco institucional europeo
Como todos sabemos, mediante sus programas de educación y formación, la Unión Europea apoya directamente iniciativas que nacen en los ámbitos educativos mas variados. Muchas escuelas españolas participan o han participado por ejemplo en proyectos Comenius y pueden confirmar la importancia que tienen este tipo de proyectos cooperativos en la vida de los centros escolares.
En marzo de 2004, la Comisión adoptó una Comunicación titulada «La nueva generación de programas comunitarios de educación y formación después de 2006. En ella, la Comisión declara su intención de proponer un programa integrado sobre aprendizaje permanente que incorpore todos los programas existentes sobre educación y formación.
El programa integrado comprenderá cuatro programas específicos: Comenius, que abarca las actividades de educación general en las escuelas, hasta la educación secundaria superior, inclusive; Erasmus, sobre actividades de educación y de formación profesional avanzada a nivel de la enseñanza superior; Leonardo da Vinci, para todos los demás aspectos de la formación profesional; y Grundtvig, en el ámbito de la educación de adultos. Además, la propuesta incorpora un programa «transversal», con cuatro actividades clave, entre las cuales se encuentran las actividades relativas a las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC). Se centran en la experimentación con la generalización de enfoques novedosos de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje (eLearning) en relación con
nuevas pedagogías, servicios, tecnología y contenidos.
La desaparición de un programa específico como la iniciativa e-learning corresponde de manera paradójica al éxito de introducción de las TICs en las escuelas. Sin embargo, “introducir las TICs no basta”. Conviene reflexionar sobre la aportación de las TICs al proceso de aprendizaje.
El aprendizaje en cuestión
Las expectativas generadas por las TICs en el proceso de aprendizaje, las decepciones que se han ido registrando, los logros que se han alcanzado y los nuevos retos que debe afrontar la comunidad educativa llevan a “reconsiderar el aprendizaje”. Es el titulo de un interesante estudio americano “learning reconsidered” - http://www.naspa.org/membership/leader_ex_pdf/lr_long.pdf - que trata cuestiones como:
“¿Cómo nuestros alumnos pueden pensar con la complejidad suficiente para entender el mundo donde viven? ¿Tienen la capacidad suficiente para forjarse su propia opinión y tomar acciones aunque entendiendo que no hay una única manera de hacer las cosas bien? ¿Saben nuestros alumnos quien son, que son sus valores y como relacionarse con los demás que son diferentes? ¿Saben resolver conflictos? ¿Saben como aprender? Estas preguntas parecerán centrales a cualquier actor de la educación. Nuestro propósito se limita a ver como que manera las nuevas tecnologías pueden aportar respuestas novedosas.
Un estudio reciente de la Comisión Europea - http://www.elearningeuropa.info/extras/new_learning_env.pdf - ha identificado tendencias teóricas y prácticas innovadoras en nuevos entornos de aprendizaje en el ámbito de la educación escolar en la Unión Europea. Las conclusiones del estudio sugerían una clara evolución hacia un nuevo paradigma de aprendizaje.
Hacia un nuevo paradigma de aprendizaje
Las características comunes a todas las definiciones teóricas de los nuevos entornos de aprendizaje ponen su énfasis en el hecho de que un entorno de aprendizaje es un lugar o una comunidad donde se llevan a cabo una serie de actividades con la finalidad de apoyar el aprendizaje y donde los actores tienen acceso a numerosos recursos.
Las percepciones comunes « hacia un nuevo paradigma de aprendizage » se refieren a una serie de cambios potenciales.
- Visión de los alumnos como individuos. En primer lugar, se hace referencia a un cambio en el enfoque de los alumnos como individuos y sus oportunidades para participar de forma más activa y tener más responsabilidad en su propio proceso de aprendizaje.
- Planificación del aprendizaje en función de estilos de aprendizaje individuales. Este aspecto parece estrechamente relacionado con una segunda característica fundamental del nuevo paradigma de aprendizaje: un enfoque de aprendizaje diferenciado que subraya la necesidad de planificar el aprendizaje de forma diferente para cada alumno y así permitir que los alumnos trabajen de acuerdo con su ritmo y su estilo de aprendizaje individual. Esta percepción se basa en un concepto de inteligencia más amplio que la tradicional inteligencia literaria.
- Atención a la participación social. Al mismo tiempo, se presta más atención a la participación social y, por lo tanto, al trabajo con las capacidades de comunicación y de colaboración de los niños.
- Cambio del papel del profesor. La percepción del papel adecuado del profesor está cambiando: pasamos de un procesamiento de conocimientos “de profesor a alumnos” a procesos más “basados en el grupo” o “de alumno a alumno”, donde los profesores actúan de forma más sistemática como asesores, guías y supervisores, además de proporcionar el marco para el proceso de aprendizaje de sus alumnos.
- De la reproducción a la construcción de conocimiento. Un aspecto importante de la migración hacia otro paradigma de aprendizaje es un cambio de enfoque que se aleja del contenido y la capacidad de reproducir datos y conocimientos para orientarse hacia la creación de conocimiento. Los alumnos deben participar activamente en la construcción de conocimiento a través de su propio proceso de aprendizaje, trabajando tanto solos como en grupo. Experimentar y explorar son aspectos importantes de esta construcción activa de conocimiento.
- Reorganización de la situación de aprendizaje. El nuevo paradigma de aprendizaje supone que el aprendizaje se beneficiará de una reorganización de la situación de aprendizaje que trascienda las maneras de pensar tradicionales definidas por el currículo, enfoques multidisciplinares y una organización y planificación del tiempo radicalmente distintas tanto del aprendizaje como del trabajo del profesorado.
El papel de las TIC
Al parecer, se percibe de forma generalizada que el uso de las TIC posee un gran potencial para reforzar o incluso ser el agente transformador de los cambios mencionados anteriormente hacia un nuevo paradigma de aprendizaje. Para muchos de los informadores del estudio, las TIC son el factor iniciador de una revolución dentro del sistema educativo. Sin embargo, el estudio concluye que este podría ser el caso, pero que de ningún modo es algo inevitable. La conclusión es que las TIC tanto pueden apoyar y conservar los métodos tradicionales como ser un medio –o un apoyo– para transformar los métodos pedagógicos y la organización de la situación de aprendizaje.
Como parte del estudio, se realizaron seis estudios de casos de mejores prácticas. Los seis estudios de casos confirmaron la conclusión preliminar del estudio, a saber: los nuevos entornos de aprendizaje no dependen tanto del uso de las TIC en sí, sino más bien de la reorganización de la situación de aprendizaje y de la capacidad del profesor para utilizar la tecnología como soporte de los objetivos de aprendizaje pedagógicos que transforman las actividades de aprendizaje tradicionales.
Con los estudios de casos quedó claro que, si se utilizan TIC para reforzar nuevas formas innovadoras de aprendizaje y así crear nuevos entornos de aprendizaje en una escuela, el proceso no tiene nada que ver con las TIC como tales. El cambio resultante estaba relacionado de forma mucho más directa con el estilo de gestión, la actitud y la formación del profesorado, los enfoques pedagógicos y los nuevos estilos de aprendizaje. En todos los ejemplos de mejores prácticas, las TIC no eran un objetivo en sí, sino un simple mecanismo para alcanzar objetivos de aprendizaje específicos.
A continuación resumimos algunas de las características generales de nuevos e innovadores entornos de aprendizaje en los que se utilizan las TIC como soporte de nuevas formas de aprendizaje:
- El uso de TIC ofrece a las escuelas la oportunidad de conectarse en red con otras instituciones –tanto culturales como otros centros educativos– y les permite acceder a nuevas formas de aprendizaje / material multimedia.
- Sin embargo, el uso innovador de la tecnología a menudo únicamente tiene lugar dentro del aula, y no es muy habitual entre clases, entre escuelas ni entre escuelas y otras instituciones u organizaciones.
- Las TIC se utilizan principalmente en actividades de colaboración y de comunicación, producción y búsqueda de información.
- Las TIC se utilizan con menos frecuencia para jugar, para realizar simulaciones y para otros usos experimentales, aunque se han observado estas actividades.
- Las TIC suelen ser un catalizador de cambio, pero no determinan de por sí la dirección de dicho cambio.
Principales retos de los nuevos entornos de aprendizaje
Algunos de los principales retos que se han identificado son:
- Una necesidad de evaluar en nuevos términos. Las escuelas sienten la necesidad de evaluar los procesos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes de una forma nueva que se corresponda con los nuevos métodos de aprendizaje y que aún no se refleja en los sistemas actuales de exámenes nacionales de ningún país europeo.
- El persistente apego a la tradición genera algunos problemas a los nuevos entornos de aprendizaje en varios sentidos. En primer lugar, los alumnos no reciben ningún reconocimiento por las nuevas competencias adquiridas, incluso aunque estas se consideren importantes para el futuro desarrollo de nuestras sociedades. En segundo lugar, algunos profesores y padres aún tienen sus dudas sobre la capacidad de los nuevos métodos para garantizar que los alumnos que estudien en escuelas donde se utilizan dichos métodos puedan obtener resultados igual de satisfactorios en los exámenes nacionales que los alumnos de escuelas que siguen métodos de aprendizaje tradicionales.
- Dudas sobre los nuevos métodos de aprendizaje. Entre los padres y en el debate público sobre los nuevos entornos de aprendizaje se han manifestado dudas sobre la capacidad de las escuelas para desarrollar las competencias que los alumnos necesitan para aprobar los exámenes nacionales y los de las escuelas que siguen métodos de aprendizaje más tradicionales. También se duda de la capacidad de las escuelas para enseñar y ofrecer apoyo a los niños con necesidades especiales. No era el objetivo de este estudio valorar si esas dudas son justificadas. Sin embargo, los alumnos de dos de las escuelas de los estudios de casos han conseguido resultados excelentes en los exámenes nacionales: en ambos casos ocuparon el segundo lugar en la lista comparativa nacional. Algunos profesores afirman que las TIC han resultado ser un sólido instrumento para ayudar a los niños con necesidades especiales de cualquier tipo. Por ejemplo, los niños con dislexia pueden beneficiarse de aplicaciones informáticas que les leen textos en voz alta para ayudarles a mejorar su competencia lectora o que les ayudan a corregir la ortografía. Niños con otras necesidades especiales, como los que padecen problemas motores, también pueden beneficiarse del uso de TIC.
- Dudas sobre la reorganización. En algunas de las escuelas visitadas, parece existir un dilema entre el deseo de reorganizar el modo de aprendizaje y otras consideraciones varias. Por ejemplo, los padres expresaron sus dudas sobre el valor de una reorganización por tiempo, edad y asignaturas, principalmente porque les preocupaba enormemente si sus hijos obtendrían notas igual de altas que los niños de otras escuelas en los exámenes nacionales. Además, los profesores a veces se resisten a los nuevos modos de organización, pues les supone una mayor carga de trabajo inicial. No obstante, todos los profesores con los que hablamos se habían beneficiado en muchos sentidos de una colaboración más estrecha con sus colegas y, según su experiencia, a largo plazo valía la pena, pues su trabajo resultaba mucho más interesante y aumentaba su motivación.
- Dificultades de un aprendizaje independiente. También suscita dudas el hecho de que la estructura y la motivación necesarias para un aprendizaje independiente pueden resultar más difíciles en el caso de niños con problemas de aprendizaje o niños que no se sienten motivados por un trabajo escolar que encuentran aburrido. Todo esto les resulta más fácil en un entorno de aprendizaje individualizado. En respuesta a esta crítica, la dirección de algunas de las escuelas ha señalado que precisamente los niños con problemas de aprendizaje se han beneficiado del uso de enfoques de aprendizaje diferenciados.
A estos restos deberiamos sumar algunos más que proceden de nuestra experiencia en el campo del trabajo cooperativo.
- La problematica del trabajo cooperativo en un entorno multicultural. Las TICs deben contribuir a impulsar proyectos cooperativos. La cooperación no se limita hoy en día al descubrimiento de la realidad europea sino que abarca tambien la realidad de la propia escuela española que integra alumnos de muchas procedencias. Las dificultades en iniciar una verdadera cooperación gracias a las TICs no nacen solamente de un dominio insuficiente de la tecnología. Pone de relieve primero la importancia del lenguaje. El dominio abrumador del inglés no corresponde a la realidad linguistica de muchas escuelas, de sus profesores y de sus alumnos. Iniciativas de hermanamiento a través de internet deben tomar en consideración este aspecto como lo hace por ejemplo en el ámbito de la lengua española la iniciativa Aulas unidas de Educared. La percepción cultural de un comportamiento activo varia también mucho de una cultura a otra. El significado de la pasividad no es el mismo segun la cultura. Otra consideración es la percepción del silencio. Contestar en seguida a un mail puede ser causa de malentendido cultural. La expresividad de la cultura occidental no tiene correspondencia en Asia por ejemplo. Un proyecto europeo titulado FILTER trata con mucha profundidad estos aspectos. https://www.elearningeuropa.info/index.php?page=doc&doc_id=4625&doclng=6&menuzone=1
- La formación del profesorado. Los profesores siguen siendo un “problema” para los especialistas de las TICs. En algunos países, el 80% de los profesores no usan realmente las TICs que tienen disponibles. La presión social sin embargo es tal que en ciertos casos, dicen usarlas cuando no lo hacen. La capacidad del profesorado en integrar las TICs en su proceso de reflexión sobre el aprendizage es critica. Esta implicación no debe apoyarse en exclusiva en el profesor sino resultar de un esfuerzo compartido de toda la comunidad educativa. Esta implicación y esta capacitación exigen nuevos entornos de aprendizaje, pueden desembocar en cambios curriculares, cambios en los espacios y los tiempos de aprendizaje y nuevos contenidos.
- Un equipo competente de aprendizaje electrónico. El uso de las Tics en un centro escolar no debe depender de una sola persona sino de un equipo. William Horton ha elaborado un ejemplo detallado de cómo debe ser un equipo de aprendizaje electrónico competente (Horton 2001). Un equipo encargado de producir material de calidad para el aprendizaje electrónico estaría formado por unos dieciséis miembros. En primer lugar, sería preciso contar con una persona que gestionara todo el proyecto. En segundo lugar, tres miembros se encargarían de diseñar el curso, incluido un jefe de proyecto, un responsable de los módulos y un experto en la materia en cuestión. En tercer lugar, serían necesarias seis personas para elaborar el contenido: un integrador de contenidos, un redactor, un grafista, un productor de contenidos multimedia, un codificador HTML/XML y un programador. En cuarto lugar, se precisaría tres miembros para proporcionar la infraestructura técnica. Estas personas serían un administrador de red/servicios, un programador de servidores/bases de datos y un especialista técnico de apoyo. En quinto lugar, se necesitan tres miembros para dirigir el aprendizaje electrónico: un administrador (programa de estudios), un encargado de curso y un profesor en línea.
- Las otras formas de aprendizaje. Las TICs juegan un papel importante para dar un nuevo sentido al aprendizaje informal y no formal. Se ha podido por ejemplo evaluar el impacto de los TOCs en contextos de educación para la salud con niños en situación dificil de varios países de America Latina. El aprendizaje participativo iba apoyado por las nuevas tecnologías y permitió llegar a una formula mixta combinando el uso de las TICs con un debate presencial como paso previo a tomar acciones en el seno comunitario. Ver el proyecto FUTURO de la Fundación Telefonica en http://www.educared.net/futuro.
A modo de conclusión
El debate sobre el aprendizage es continuo. Les invitamos a continuarlo en la plataforma www.elearningeuropa.info donde cada usuario registrado puede beneficiar de su espacio cooperativo donde expresar sus ideas, debatir… y poner en practica las bases del aprendizage del mañana.
Assessment schemes for teachers ICT competence - a policy analisis
- National ICT related teacher training policies
- Assessment schemes and evaluations for teachers ICT competencies
- Significant national, regional and European teacher training programmes
The first part, teacher training policies, identifies the challenges for policy makers. Currently two general occurrences have an impact on ICT related training policies, teacher shortages and a fragmented knowledge base of teachers as different levels of knowledge and attitudes exist within the group of serving teachers and the group of teachers entering the profession.
New and more complex roles for teachers in schools are already a common European challenge. The report describes various new job profiles related to ICT implementation in schools and indicates that the training of headmasters is much more in focus than some years ago, but is not yet widespread and sufficiently elaborated in European countries. The diverse profile of the ICT coordinator is becoming more defined in some countries.
The report also suggests that training policies, aiming now to enhance teachers’ pedagogical ICT competence, focus mainly on educational targets, which are important for teachers to identify with. However, a precise definition of terms such as digital literacy, and means of implementation need to be included likewise in training policies in the future.
Policy also needs to move forward to issues such as curricula frameworks, assessment procedures and changes in the organisational structures. In some countries curricula reforms have taken place or are on its way. Changes in the organisational structures or assessment procedures are lagging behind.
The second part on assessment schemes identifies that most of the countries tend to certify their teachers’ ICT competencies at the end of an in service training.
Countries are on the way to define a common competence framework for teachers ICT competence by developing official certifications, setting standards or benchmarks. ICT is also part of the general assessment of teachers in service or initial training.
Broader approaches such as the use of e-portfolios in teacher training or assessment is only starting to emerge in some countries. Various examples of national and European certifications (e.g. The Danish and European pedagogical ICT licence, C2i certification in France) and several types of e-portfolios (e.g. development portfolios) are described in the report.
Looking at the pros and cons of existing licences, the survey also highlights that eleven countries see the need to develop new licences.
Training, the third area of the survey, reveals that ICT related teacher training is to a large extent decentralised in European countries. The majority of the large scale national courses described in the survey focus on both technical skills and competencies of how to apply ICT in pedagogical settings. Currently, some countries set the emphasis on networking of teachers and training the trainers.
Evaluation of training courses has become a common practice in countries. Some results of evaluations are given from Norway, Germany and Finland.
The report states that on the job training and peer collaboration, which is a necessary component for successful application and acquiring of knowledge, is not yet a dominant factor of training courses.
Countries will need to think of offering new and more flexible ways of training of teachers, at different times, at different places, with different means and much more related to the concept of lifelong learning. This includes a shift in the culture of the teaching profession from a passive consumer of training courses to an active producer and organiser of its own learning process.
The survey was initiated in spring 2004 by EUN’s Policy Innovation Committee (PIC) and is part of the Peer to Peer project.
Representatives of Ministries of Education, National Agencies for Education and other organisations from the following countries have participated in the survey:
Belgium (Flemish Community), Belgium (French Community), Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Lithuania, Malta, Norway, Spain (Catalonia), Switzerland.
Full report [pdf]


